Evolved into 3 different political styles:
1. Colonel
- local and regional strongmen get an alliance with large farmers to control the vote of rural workers and their families
- local political chiefs in turn exchanged votes with politicians at the state level in return for political appointments and public works in their municipalities
2. Clientelism
- made because of the rural-urban migration increased
- neighborhood representatives of urban politicians would help recent migrants resolve their problems in exchange for votes
*representatives were usually from "clientele professions," such as medical doctors, dentists, and pharmacists
3. Direct Populist
- was without formal intermediation by clientelism or domination by colonelism (coronelismo)
- voter decision making has been influenced by a mixture of the second and third styles, as well as by peer groups, opinion leaders, and television soap operas
Diversity of Regional Cultures:
* Politics in the states of the Northeast and North are much more dependent on political acts of kindness from Brasília than are the states of the South and Southeast
- Rio Grande do Sul (in south) suffered three civil wars and was involved frequently in political conflicts in the Río de la Plata areas = result was the Liberal Front Party (Partido da Frente Liberal--PFL) and the PSDB have very limited penetration in Rio Grande do Sul (leading to be traitors in the Southern regions)
- Southeast state of Minas Gerais, politics is conducted in a very cautious, calculated manner = Politicians known for ability to negotiate and cut bargains, and have political "adversaries" rather than enemies
- western frontier states politics is constantly evolving, because of continuous inward migration from other regions = politicians/voters are newcomers with no local political roots or traditions
- Southeast states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo receive large influxes of rural-urban and north-south migrations because..
1. higher levels of industrialization
2. per capita income
3. labor union membership and education
4. higher level of political consciousness
Results:
- more people registered to vote
- high voter turnout levels in 1990s up to 70%
- increase political consciousness throughout the country by television, increase schooling, and associate with memberships like labor unions
1. Colonel
- local and regional strongmen get an alliance with large farmers to control the vote of rural workers and their families
- local political chiefs in turn exchanged votes with politicians at the state level in return for political appointments and public works in their municipalities
2. Clientelism
- made because of the rural-urban migration increased
- neighborhood representatives of urban politicians would help recent migrants resolve their problems in exchange for votes
*representatives were usually from "clientele professions," such as medical doctors, dentists, and pharmacists
3. Direct Populist
- was without formal intermediation by clientelism or domination by colonelism (coronelismo)
- voter decision making has been influenced by a mixture of the second and third styles, as well as by peer groups, opinion leaders, and television soap operas
Diversity of Regional Cultures:
* Politics in the states of the Northeast and North are much more dependent on political acts of kindness from Brasília than are the states of the South and Southeast
- Rio Grande do Sul (in south) suffered three civil wars and was involved frequently in political conflicts in the Río de la Plata areas = result was the Liberal Front Party (Partido da Frente Liberal--PFL) and the PSDB have very limited penetration in Rio Grande do Sul (leading to be traitors in the Southern regions)
- Southeast state of Minas Gerais, politics is conducted in a very cautious, calculated manner = Politicians known for ability to negotiate and cut bargains, and have political "adversaries" rather than enemies
- western frontier states politics is constantly evolving, because of continuous inward migration from other regions = politicians/voters are newcomers with no local political roots or traditions
- Southeast states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo receive large influxes of rural-urban and north-south migrations because..
1. higher levels of industrialization
2. per capita income
3. labor union membership and education
4. higher level of political consciousness
Results:
- more people registered to vote
- high voter turnout levels in 1990s up to 70%
- increase political consciousness throughout the country by television, increase schooling, and associate with memberships like labor unions